From 1896 the study used the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) as the market proxy, and other available indexes prior to 1896.

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The Vanguard Total Stock Market Admiral Shares (VTSAX) with an expense ratio of 0.06 percent was selected as his market index fund proxy.

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The stock is up more than 33% year-to-date as the broader market rallied and the proxy battle drew in buyers anticipating change.

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Shares of Samsung, for example, which encapsulates the spirit of Korea's export economy, are not a good proxy for the local market.

WSJ: Single-Country ETFs: Risky Ventures

Over the past decade or so, the worst loss suffered by Lehman's Aggregate Bond Index, a proxy for the entire bond market, was a 3.5% decline over two months in mid-2003.

FORBES: Magazine Article

Over the past decade or so, the worst loss suffered by Lehman's Aggregate Bond Index (amex: AGG - news - people ), a proxy for the entire bond market, was a 3.5% decline over two months in mid-2003.

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Look at the EWJ for a proxy of pain in the stock market.

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You can't access most of them, but an easy proxy is Business Week's annual market forecast page in each year's final issue.

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It's a proxy for Berkshire Hathaway, which hasn't escaped the market's knife, down 25%.

FORBES: My 50% rule

Rowe Price New Horizon Fund, a proxy for midcap growth stocks, sells at no premium to the market, whereas its normalized premium is 50%.

FORBES: My 50% rule