Both exchanges compete for the order flow that leads to reduced costs, market efficiency and innovation.
Whether these rules protected investors or improved overall market efficiency is a subject for debate.
My first encounter with the concept of market efficiency dates back to my first course in economics.
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Concluding, how do these numbers translate into actual telco profit markup on text service, to evaluate market efficiency?
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The size of spreads is not necessarily the only criterion of market efficiency.
Theorizing was lacking about market efficiency and rational expectations, which together would lead to stability and the optimal allocation of resources.
Financial economists are studying the way that incentives can skew market efficiency.
Market efficiency appears to be generally true for most people although there are examples where people have consistently exploited pricing inefficiencies in the past.
Much of what economists know about structural unemployment has been gleaned from the sorry history of continental Europe, where fat benefits and rigid firing rules dulled labour-market efficiency.
And to many, the concept of market efficiency remains unquestioned.
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Whereas traditional market makers promote price and market efficiency, a firm like Goldman, as an active trader for its own account, can maximize its opportunity for profits by promoting price and market inefficiency.
On valuation, people always seem to be overly enamored with market value, which has puzzled me because as a private company, there is no liquid market on which to buy and sell shares, so a valuation is established without any degree of market efficiency.
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This explanation would be bad news for proponents of market efficiency, but would be consistent with the picture of overall stagnation in the VC-funded part of the tech industry, since the driver of low returns would still be the limited number of good new tech ventures.
On the demand side, it could promote market-led efficiency by encouraging real-time metering of all electricity use.
Many economists laud the market for its efficiency properties as free markets generally direct resources to their highest-valued ends while minimizing costs of production.
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The recommendations and actions in this Report have been carefully designed to help overcome these barriers and to leverage Recovery Act funding to help ensure that the energy efficiency market will thrive long after the Recovery Act money is fully spent.
He says China needs to reform its regulatory regime to promote market competition and boost efficiency.
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In 2003, the government privatised J-Power in the hope that the rigours of the market would instil greater efficiency.
The report's main author, Richard Jolly, says: "The world is rushing headlong into greater integration, driven mostly by a philosophy of market profitability and economic efficiency".
In the past decade, HP has consistently taken measures to ensure profitability in the PC market through increased operational efficiency, expanded build-to-customer-order capabilities and supply chain improvements.
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Once we narrowed down our universe to exactly 400 companies, our editors and writers evaluated the leading companies in each industry on factors such as innovation, efficiency and market leadership.
SolarCity is moving to capture the home energy efficiency upgrade market the same way the Silicon Valley startup and its competitors turbocharged the market for residential rooftop solar panels: Financial engineering.
Currently, SunPower and Sanyo have the highest efficiency in the market, at almost 23%.
Any attempt to reduce inequality would damage the efficiency of the market, impeding the rising tide that lifts all boats.
Sensible fuel taxes would have hurt for a while, but unlike market-distorting fuel-efficiency rules, they would have forced GM to evolve.
This, in principle, leads to increased market confidence and greater price efficiency.
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Tony Blair was willing to use market mechanisms to improve the efficiency of the health service, and there is evidence that they were working.
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Institute, marshals exceptionally broad and long experience and sharp analytical focus to prove the case that the free market produces not only economic efficiency, but also justice.
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If a company can expand its output to meet the market demands simply by internal efficiency improvements (which is what productivity means to some extent), why should they go out and hire more labor?
The proliferation of city and state building energy efficiency codes, combined with the eagerness of building owners to seek LEED ratings, tells me that policymakers and the market are increasingly demanding energy efficiency in new construction.
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