That could explain why successful consumer electronics companies like Apple and Google limit outsourcing to manufacturing, keeping product design, branding and marketing, and after-sales service in-house.

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Poor basic education and restrictive labour laws will make it hard for many to find jobs in manufacturing, and there is a limit to how many can work in services.

ECONOMIST: Banyan

"Unless they're willing to widen the manufacturing window, maybe we have seen" the limit for how many units Apple can deliver without more production lines.

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That should limit the impact of the rate rise on the manufacturing sector, which normally borrows cash for longer periods of time, while taking some steam out of consumer spending.

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"We believe that restricting imports through measures such as local content requirements only serves to raise prices, limit solar adoption, and hinder the growth of domestic solar industries, in which manufacturing plays a relatively minor role in overall economic value creation, " said a spokeswoman for Tempe, Ariz.

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Although the ADA is deferential to national governments when it comes to the details of implementing their antidumping laws, it does articulate certain minimum standards intended to limit the scope for abuse, such as reaching affirmative findings of dumping when no dumping has occurred or manufacturing punitively high antidumping duty rates, for example.

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