All three systems manage white lists and black lists of approved and disapproved numbers.

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Most bulk mail programs used to manage mailing lists, promotions and other forms of electronic marketing have a test tool that will work out what chance the messages have of getting through industry-standard spam filters.

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GPs are already extremely stretched, with many feeling challenged to manage their patient lists and needs, but they may also now have to be prepared for the possibility of urgent and unexpected requests, for example, a service provider may ask for additional information if a problem arises with one of their patients during treatment abroad.

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Dr. Whiteside also developed a mobile app, the Anxiety Coach, which helps patients learn about anxiety, manage symptoms and make lists of activities to help them face their fears.

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They manage members of the insurance companies, build the lists of approved drugs for manufacturers and reimburse the retail pharmacies for the difference between the true cost of a drug and the co-pay amount that a customer of a retail pharmacy plays.

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Mr Black said he, and many others, would prefer a slimmed-down Icann that did little more than manage the root servers which contain the net's master address lists.

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