Industrial firms, having spent years becoming ever leaner in their production techniques and, in the process, making themselves more vulnerable to these sorts of supply shocks, will now have to go partly into reverse, giving up some efficiency gains to become more robust.

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Taking a huge risk as additional trials ensued, Novartis boosted production a hundredfold, going from making merely kilograms in a complicated 12-step process to producing tonnes at its plant in Ringaskiddy, Ireland.

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The survey requested the names and ages of anyone working with her in her candle-making business and for step-by-step photos of her production process.

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