An incident this month involved a quarrel between a Malay bus driver and a Madurese passenger.

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The neighboring Malaysian state of Sarawak this week blocked a boat carrying 411 Madurese refugees from landing.

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The Madurese established small farms on what had once been traditional Dayak land.

ECONOMIST: Indonesia

Most Madurese in West Kalimantan came to the province under the government's transmigration program, and make up 1%-2% of the population.

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But the emphasis on imposing stability over finding solutions meant that many social frictions - such as that between Dayaks and Madurese - festered.

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Madura is a barren island, and the Madurese are known throughout Indonesia for being hard-headed survivors who are ready to fight for their living.

ECONOMIST: Indonesia

Reports pin the start earlier this year to a revenge attack on Malay homes by a group of Madurese after an accused Madurese thief was beaten by residents.

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Over 12, 000 Madurese refugees are sheltering in Pontianak.

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The latest violence resurrects the conflict that erupted in early 1997 in the same area north of the provincial capital Pontianak between Dayaks and Madurese, whose roots lie in the island of Madura off the northeast coast of Java.

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The Madurese needed little encouragement.

ECONOMIST: Indonesia