When a customer is paying several thousand dollars for an airline ticket, these are relatively inexpensive services that can deliver great returns in the form of customer loyalty.

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For Moscow, that price comes in the form of complete political loyalty from Turkmenistan.

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However, the benefits of such an approach loom significantly larger particularly in the long run, in the form of greater customer loyalty.

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His negative tactics were criticised after the defeats to Portugal and France, and his loyalty to the out-of-form David Beckham was also questioned.

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They also argue that because there are cases in which companies paying above-market wages reap offsetting gains in the form of lower turnover and greater worker loyalty, raising minimum wages will lead to similar gains.

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The Kremlin's contract with Mr Kadyrov is an extreme form of its bargain with many regional leaders: in return for elementary loyalty, they are able to do as they see fit.

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