"In wintertime, the cliff surface gets so cold that its temperature falls below the freezing point of CO2, which at low pressure goes directly to solid, " said Dr Musselwhite.

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Northerly situated Scandinavia, which gets some of its currents from the Arctic Circle, is home to a lot of snow and cold, with Helsinki, Finland, facing the moisture of the Baltic Sea in addition to low temperature, rating tops in both categories.

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