When employers are calculating the prevailing wage for these workers, they suddenly become low skilled workers.
It is not just relatively low skilled call-centre jobs that now appear vulnerable to offshoring.
How will these low skilled individuals get a job that will pay enough to cover their rent and bills?
In terms of social sustainability, repetitive low skilled work is a major negative.
Single, low-skilled men therefore face a lower effective real wage than low-skilled women with children and have less incentive to work.
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You have to keep in mind that a generation or two of low skilled, minimum wage workers creates a poverty illiteracy cycle.
Immigrants and other low skilled workers are vital contributors to the economy.
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But UC San Diego Economics Professor Gordon Hanson has studied the combined impact of both illegal and legal low skilled, low wage immigrants.
As globalisation continues then the low skilled workers in Europe or the US are competing with the very much lower paid Chinese workers.
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"We have an abundant supply of low skilled labor waiting for jobs, " argued Peter Kirsanow, a member of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
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By contrast Scrooge, even as an old man, had no apprentices and only one employee, a low wage and low skilled one at that.
Low skilled factory jobs have gone to Asia or Latin America.
In the low skilled and high skilled sectors, in particular, there is very low unemployment and a huge demand for employees that are going unfilled.
How can the private sector create decent paying low skilled jobs?
It is taken as a simple and obvious truth these days that low wages for low skilled Americans are the result of the decline in union membership.
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Mr. BRIGGS: The low skilled workers, citizen workers in the United States, native born and naturalized citizens will always lose in the competition from, with illegal immigrants.
Adding 2 billion low skill and low wage workers to the global workforce is indeed going to put downward pressure on wages for low skilled workers in the rich countries.
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It aims to strengthen border security while raising the cap on visas for high skilled workers and establishing a new visa program for low skilled workers on America's farms and elsewhere.
Mr. ALEX TABARROK (Professor, Economics, George Mason University): It's technology, computers and robots, which have raised the wages of high skilled workers and pushed down the wages of low skilled workers.
Labor economist Vernon Briggs of Cornell University says it's harder to argue for legalizing millions of low-skilled immigrants when many more low-skilled Americans are likely to find themselves out of work.
Anti-illegal immigration crusaders claim their worries are entirely practical -- tied to border security or the cost of entitlements or the fact that illegal immigrants supposedly depress wages for the low skilled.
Second, the bracero program, a temporary annual guest worker permit for low skilled Mexican farm workers, was discontinued on the eve of the Immigration Act of 1965 due to labor union pressure.
Additionally , unlike native low-skilled workers, low-skilled immigrants are likely to arrive with skills and abilities that are complimentary rather than competitive with the existing labor force, and they are much more mobile too.
Mr. GORDON HANSON (Professor, Economics, University of California, San Diego): Well the best estimate we have is that they've reduced wages for low skilled U.S. native workers by about eight percent over the last 20 years or so.
You can introduce some search and congestion effects to get higher unemployment but the increase should be relatively mild, as you have to remember that the opposite effect should be occurring in the high skilled market and low skilled folks be dropping out.
But before we accept the loss of many low skilled manufacturing jobs as a major negative for the U.S. and that it should be halted and perhaps even reversed, it is important to put it in the context of what we know about the social impact of simple, repetitive work.
"Because these girls and boys do not have access to education, they become trapped in low-skilled, low-income jobs, which further push them into the vicious cycle of inter-generational poverty, " he said.
So I think that in evaluating whether the current low-skilled, low educated flow of predominantly Hispanic immigrants is a overall positive asset for a country, we have to be honest about the cultural behavior we're seeing.
Developed economies have lots of skilled workers, whereas emerging economies have lots of low-skilled ones, so according to the theory advanced countries will specialise in capital-intensive products requiring skilled labour and emerging economies in low-tech products.
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