Clubs such as the Boston Red Sox and Detroit Tigers did not take on their first black players until most other clubs had long utilized black players and clubs like the Dodgers and Giants were well on the way to their long run equilibrium number.

FORBES: Good Managers May Not Move First, Never Last

In Chile a fiscal law obliges the government to run budget surpluses whenever the economy is at full employment and the copper price is above its long-run equilibrium, as estimated by an independent panel.

ECONOMIST: Petri-dish economies

The macroeconomy has a long-run equilibrium natural rate of unemployment and GDP from which unanticipated counter-cyclical policy can scarcely nudge the economy.

FORBES: Thomas Sargent, Rational Expectations And The Keynesian Consensus

By suppressing long-run interest rates, the Fed is distorting asset prices, including housing prices that need to fall to restore long-run equilibrium.

FORBES: The Fed Has Forgotten Sound Money, And Now Just Manipulates Interest Rates

George Alogoskoufis, an economist at the Athens School of Economics, and Richard Portes, of the London Business School, argue that shifts in portfolios could push the euro temporarily above its long-run equilibrium level.

ECONOMIST: Why non-Europeans should care about EMU