Schwab sends about one-third of trades in New York Stock Exchange-listed equities to the Big Board.

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In 1992, according to the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 46% of all listed equities were held as cross-shareholdings by related companies, and only 6% by foreign investors.

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Here you have 800bn euros of foreign-owned government bonds, 600bn euros of foreign-owned corporate bonds, and 300bn euros of foreign-owned listed equities (numbers from JP Morgan) - together with E3 trillion of deposits.

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Under outside pressure, the NYSE also last year repealed Rule 390, which for the first time enabled its member firms to freely trade listed equities over the counter, exposing the exchange to the full brunt of competition from Nasdaq and other venues.

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The graph shows relative shares of holdings of all listed Japanese equities (from 2004 including Jasdaq listings) since 1988.

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Markets like the UAE and Qatar limit foreign ownership of listed local companies to 49%, while Saudi Arabia's equities remain closed to foreign ownership, says Andrew Howell, a Middle East strategist at Citigroup.

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In anticipation of the new regulations, DB set up a new derivative exchange-clearing unit called Markets Clearing for listed and over-the-counter derivatives for interest rates, foreign exchange, credit, commodities and equities contracts.

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