The A3 e-tron sports two Sanyo liquid-and-air-cooled battery packs, one under the trunk area and the other in a T-shape under the passenger compartment.

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Doshi has recruited engineers from Miami and Atlanta for his venture, but he got some key technology nearby: To perfect the design of a filter, he got computational engineers at the SimCenter at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga to model thousands of air- and liquid-flow variables.

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In addition to all this, the Genesis uses liquid cooling around the motherboard, and an air-based system on the video cards.

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They fill the container with pure air made by evaporating liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen, and add water vapour and some trace gases.

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To do that they need not one but two energy-hogging air chillers, one to make liquid oxygen and another to remove CO 2 from the flue gases.

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To simulate the atmosphere, they have built a special cloud chamber of their own, with the air manufactured from scratch, using liquid nitrogen and oxygen together with precise amounts of trace compounds, including sulphuric acid and ammonia.

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Liquid air could also help store surplus energy generated by wind and solar.

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Water is much more efficient than air at absorbing heat and so even with tiny amounts of liquid flowing through the system the researchers saw a significant effect.

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The Hailstorm II pairs an advanced liquid cooling system with a blustery current of cold air driven by three front intake fans and a large rear exhaust fan.

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