The lungs have their own anti-bacterial action, produced by a liquid which overlays the cells lining the lung.
Aspirin, Dr Shapiro believes, interferes with the biochemical mechanism that causes cells lining the bowel to become cancerous.
It is already known that melatonin induces the release of chemicals that can increase inflammation in the cells lining the airways.
The university said it was believed that compounds in cranberries may stop bacteria sticking to cells lining the walls of the urinary tract.
The protective effect of an early pregnancy is thought to be due to the fact that a first, full-term pregnancy stimulates the full differentiation of the cells lining the milk ducts, where most breast cancers arise.
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There are more than 100 strains of HPV, some of which can cause changes in the cells of the lining of the mouth and throat.
In the study, funded by the Medical Research Council and published in the neurology journal Brain, the dogs had olfactory ensheathing cells from the lining of their nose removed.
Five genes, for example, make proteins that help H. pylori to stick specifically to the cells of the stomach lining.
She had a biopsy taken which showed that she did have abnormally high numbers of NK cells in her womb lining.
When gluten hits the gut in someone with celiac disease, it sets off an immune reaction which kills off the cells forming the inner lining of the small intestine.
Another side effect of chronic heartburn is a condition known as Barrett's esophagus, which happens when there's a change in the cells of the tissue lining the bottom of the esophagus.
It turns out that cells can flake off of tumors in the ovaries or the lining of the uterus, and float down to rest in the cervix, where Pap tests are performed.
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