Most economists start with a presumption that participants in financial markets play on a fairly level field, where all have access to similar information.
In addition to his academic work, Abou El Fadl had spent the year studying for certification in a top-level field of Islamic jurisprudence called hadith authentication.
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The arguments that America never plays on a level field and that international trade agreements somehow undermine its national sovereignty are also subtly examined and rebutted.
The real question is the stakes, and the level of competition, and over a week at the All-England Lawn Tennis Club it was clear that a high-level field was playing for keeps.
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The idea of a level playing field of information is ridiculous on its face, since information is defined as a deformation of the level.
It could, and should, be competing on a more level playing field against iOS and Android.
"They should be able to operate within a level playing field across the EU, " he added.
At the very least, Zynga would have the luxury of competing on a level playing field.
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"It is going to be difficult to get that level playing field, " he says.
Left alone, market forces create the "level playing field" so desired by bureaucrats and big-company critics.
His case is fostering discussion about science, competition and the notion of a level playing field.
Antitrust needs new techniques for ensuring equal treatment and preserving a level playing field.
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The Texas company is on a completely level playing field with all the California companies.
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"The problem is that there is no level playing field, " said Embraer spokesman Henrique Rzezinski.
"It's Ofqual's job to ensure a level playing field between all schools, " he said.
In theory the Internet should put small vendors on a level playing field with established giants.
The second lesson is that we must have a level playing field in international trade.
However, who believes that investment will ever occur on a level playing field?
And this applies to the internet, which is more or less a level playing field for everyone.
To maintain a level playing field for investors, government agencies have created protocols for releasing economic reports.
In sports and in games with traditional revenue models, players start out on a level playing field.
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Expatriation is the only logical approach if companies want a level playing field when competing in global markets.
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Max Baucus (D-Mont.) said a key component of tax reform would be a level playing field for employers.
The court action, Mr Glaser says, will help to create a level playing field in the player market.
"The new rules present an opportunity for teams to compete on a more level playing field, " Horner said.
Supporters of increased levies argue that it will create a level playing field for the European art market.
REITs have always been taxed that way so they will once again be on a level playing field.
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D. is a Venture Partner at Kapor Capital and the Founder of the Level Playing Field Institute.
She vows transparency and a level playing field, to bid out all government contracts, and not to coddle cronies.
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