The 37-year-old actress previously said she decided to have the double mastectomy followed by reconstructive surgery after learning she carries a mutation of the BRCA1 gene, which sharply increases her risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

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In the case of Caesareans, knowing how to prepare for the procedure, being aware of the opportunities open to them during surgery, learning alternative positions for breastfeeding and ways to improve recovery can all radically improve the experience for many women, even if a Caesarean was not their original preference.

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Mr. Todashev's father, Abdulbaki Todashev, also said his son was disabled by knee surgery earlier this year and was learning to walk again at about the time of the Boston Marathon bombings.

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Prof Whitaker has worked in plastic surgery in the USA and Australia, after initially learning his craft at the Welsh burns centre at Swansea's Morriston Hospital.

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"It's a great place to live, and I think there's probably no better place in the world to die, " says Joanne Karp, an 81-year-old resident who was supposed to be in her room recovering from eye surgery but instead was down the hall at the piano, accompanying three kids learning to play the recorder.

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