"It's like baking a layer cake, but doing it one layer at a time, " said Atala.
Some particles, however, are energetic enough to puncture the top layer and strike the second layer.
You have to add to this layer upon layer of professional interest groups having their say.
There is an input layer, an output layer, and sandwiched between them a so-called hidden layer.
In each layer, electrons exist at a different level of energy, determined by the layer's thickness.
The filament is designed to harden as it dries, so an object can be created layer by layer.
ECONOMIST: A new way to build complicated materials, micron by micron
Policies passed through layer after layer of insurers, reinsurers and brokers (see chart).
But at the same time, it develops organically, layer upon layer, unfurling new leaves of sound and dappled lightness.
This technique is considered an additive manufacturing technique not unlike 3D printing that builds a product layer by layer.
FORBES: Design A New Foot If The Shoe Does Not Fit -- Laser Sintering a Prosthetic Leg
Additive manufacturing is the process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer.
The most basic version of the battery used magnesium for the top layer and antimony for the bottom layer.
Existing 3-D printers, also called rapid prototyping machines, build structures layer by layer.
"The anti-reflective coating requires multi-layer coatings which are slightly more complex than the typical single-layer ones, " Lin told CNN.
The technology works by building up layer upon layer of material - typically plastic - to build complex solid objects.
As this evolved, IT entities built layer upon layer of technologies into a complex labyrinth to meet growing business needs.
FORBES: The Enterprise IT Industrial Complex In The Era of Agile IT
The printers follow the shape of the model by stacking layer upon layer of molten plastic to produce the items.
Get through that covering layer and the underlying slivery colour of the aluminium itself will show through the black layer.
FORBES: My Testable Prediction About What Will Be Different About Apple's iPhone 5S
Layer upon layer was applied for decades before it, and no one is claiming that the paintmakers did anything illegal.
Using a handheld glue gun, and armed with a home-cooked slurry of polyethylene and candle wax, he built the shape layer by layer.
On top of that is the capacitive touch layer, which is then topped off by a tough layer of Gorilla Glass.
In-cell display tech eliminates that middle layer of glass, combining the LCD and touch sections of the display into a single layer.
That was where the motley sediments of ancient Mars were succeeded by layer upon unvarying layer of brownish rock, two miles high.
In Afghanistan, the foam would be wrapped in a low-tech layer of chicken wire, then covered in a thin layer of concrete.
But whereas many workplaces are now seeing a social layer being applied, this peer community has requested a professional counselling layer.
FORBES: Social Business and the Future of Psychological Well-Being Programs
The boldest silent acting always burrowed under the outlines of the story and added a layer of commentary, sometimes a dissonant layer.
Rather than complex texture maps, Tearaway uses layer upon layer of plain colored paper to give a real sense of depth.
FORBES: Vita Exclusive Tearaway Includes Paper-Craft Achievements
This autonomous, solar-powered robot carries a ground-penetrating radar to study how snow accumulates, adding layer upon layer to the ice sheet over time.
ENGADGET: NASA's GROVER eco-rover to examine Greenland's ice sheet (video)
More troubling are security issues, since most safeguards work in a different layer of a network from the data-hauling Ethernet layer of 802.11.
Instead of bashing, bending and cutting material the way it always has been, 3D printers build things by depositing material, layer by layer.
Dual-shot adds a second layer of colored, transparent or translucent polycarbonate on top of a base layer to produce secondary color blends and depth effects.
ENGADGET: Nokia Lumia 620 announced: 3.8-inch WVGA display, 5MP camera, $249
应用推荐