They are in no respect related to any strip clubs or lap dancing joints.
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For those who fought for the law to be tightened, of course, lap dancing created rather than ameliorated fears.
Whichever side of the debate is correct, the era of expansion for British lap dancing appears to be over.
Mr Cochrane added that allowing lap dancing would not lead to a rise in crime or disorder.
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In late 2011, academics at the University of Kent began carrying out a 12-month study into the effects of lap dancing clubs on communities.
Tony Cochrane, who runs Private Eyes lap dancing club in Aberdeen, has been working with the owners of Hush on the proposed new business.
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Recent months have seen three existing clubs in Leicester having their licences refused, while Oxford's only lap dancing club has had its application turned down by the council.
Stringfellow expects that most non-metropolitan parts of the country will revert to being largely free of lap dancing, with the capital's status as the focal point for adult entertainment remaining unchanged.
Kat Banyard, who led the women's rights group Fawcett's campaign for reform of the way lap dancing was licensed, says the lap dancing boom would never have happened if local people had had the power to prevent it.
Ministers admit that treating lap-dancing clubs like staid coffee shops is a loophole, says the Local Government Association.
Locations which tested positive included the Millennium Hotel, the Abracadabra lap-dancing club and the Emirates football stadium, where Mr Lugovoi had watched Arsenal play CSKA Moscow.
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