Mr. Kandel's attempts to find bridges between neuroscience and individual artists' oeuvres become increasingly desperate.
To solve the mystery, Dr Kandel, and his colleague Kausik Si, turned to embryonic development.
The third medicine laureate, Eric Kandel, is also an American, although of Austrian birth.
Dr Kandel's and Dr Udry's discovery suggests that a predisposition to smoke may be one of these.
And Columbia professor Eric Kandel , who won the medicine prize in 2000, started New York City-based Memory Pharmaceuticals .
Dr Kandel and Dr Udry, both sociologists, investigated the smoking habits of around 220 pairs of mothers and their adolescent daughters.
"To recall something, you recreate it, and that may destabilize the memory afterwards, " says Eric Kandel of Columbia University and Memory Pharmaceuticals.
Mr. Kandel then runs rather too enthusiastically with Gombrich's suggestion that psychology, and hence the appreciation of art, should be understood in biological terms.
In 1998 Kandel's team injected aging mice with a failed antidepressant called Rolipram, which prevents the breakdown of cyclic-AMP by blocking an enzyme called phosphodiesterase-4.
Help is on the way, from biotech firms, including one founded by Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel, who are about to solve the mysteries of memory.
Mr. Kandel connects his biologism with the Viennese Modernists by arguing tendentiously that these artists were instinctive neuroscientists who knew how to give the brain what it wants.
Kandel had the first clues, but the most dramatic proof in understanding just how much CREB influences memory came from Tim Tully and his Cold Spring colleague Jerry Yin.
His ten-person team of researchers at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory has battled Kandel to a draw by producing, in a dramatic series of experiments, fruit flies with photographic memory.
Kandel, a forceful, Brooklyn-bred and Harvard-trained polymath, was born in Vienna in 1929 and fled to the U.S. with his parents in 1939, months before World War II began.
One of the things that Dr Kandel's previous work has shown is that long-term memory is the result of new proteins being made at the synaptic connections between nerve cells.
In a series of landmark studies, Kandel began to show how simple memories are formed by gauging one of the slug's basic reflexes: the withdrawal of its gill at a perceived threat.
Kandel's archrival in this race is 25 years younger and a bit more brazen: Timothy Tully , 47, a researcher at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and a founder of privately held Helicon Therapeutics in Farmingdale, N.
Should a bottle of memory pills appear on your nightstand one day, a heap of credit will go to Tully and Kandel, with an assist from two of God's lowliest creatures: the fruit fly and the sea slug.
It has 20, 000 central nervous system cells so big they can be seen without a microscope. (Humans have 100 billion brain cells.) Kandel turned down an offer to run the psychiatry department at Harvard's Beth Israel Hospital and bet his career on the slugs.
But in a paper published this month in the American Journal of Public Health, Denise Kandel of Columbia University and Richard Udry of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill show that subjecting daughters, at least, to nicotine in the womb may not actually encourage them to become addicted to smoking at all.
"Linda has made a wonderful set of contributions about the specificity of connections and the functional read-out both in the intermediate station and the cerebral cortex, " says Eric Kandel , a university professor at Columbia and senior investigator at HHMI, whose research into the brain earned him a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000.
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