Critics of the Muslim Brotherhood, and indeed Tunisia's Ennahda, claim that they do really harbour the goal of an Islamic state but are cloaking this ambition in ambiguity as a matter of political expediency.
Malaysia and Singapore have wanted Indonesia to arrest Abu Bakar Bashir, a Muslim cleric who leads Jemaah Islamiyah, an militant group which wants to create an Islamic state through a swathe of South-East Asia.
Many Arabs with liberal leanings, for instance, quietly prefer authoritarian rule to the unknown quality of a supposedly democratic Islamic state, something which Mr Diamond, in a recent essay, reckons that some 40-45% of the people in four Arab countries seem to wish for.
One of the most fascinating records of probing into the thinking of those demanding an Islamic state is provided in the Report of the Court of Inquiry into the Punjab Disturbances of 1953, also known as the Munir Report after Justice Munir who headed the inquiry.
Things are different again in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and the Southern Philippines, where American troops have been helping to fight Abu Sayyaf, a group that many Filipinos regard more as bandits trying to make a profit from kidnapping than rebels campaigning for a separate Islamic state.
Moreover, many pesantren graduates undertake tertiary studies in the State Islamic Institutes, which have evolved into modern centers of learning.
Things changed around the year 2000, when Kaduna was hit, for the first time, by religious conflict attributed to the introduction of Islamic law in the state.
Iran's counterproposal included five areas of nuclear and non-nuclear cooperation, according to the state-run Islamic Republic News Agency.
Earlier this year the same court overturned an AK law aimed at relaxing the ban on the Islamic-style headscarf in state universities.
Many Shia clergymen either depend on his largesse or hold loyalty to the state and its Islamic mission above matters of personal opinion.
Among the representatives of more than two dozen countries attending were the foreign ministers of Pakistan, Zimbabwe and Iraq, state-run Islamic Republic News Agency said.
Khalil Saei, the provincial director of crisis management, told the state-run Islamic Republic News Agency that the cities of Ahar and Varzaqan were the hardest hit.
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Surveys of the American Jewish community taken in recent years by the American Jewish Committee demonstrate that the vast majority of American Jews are deeply supportive of Israel, and their views tend toward the Right side of the political spectrum in issues related to Israel, the Palestinians and the wider Islamic conflict with the Jewish state.
The secretive Turkish Hizbullah group seeking to set up a state based on strict Sharia Islamic law grew up in the late 1980s in southeast Turkey.
Ms Ludin - who now works at a private Islamic school in Berlin - said the state was equating the headscarf with "things I already distanced myself from during my own school years".
While Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu has been careful to praise the cause of democracy while warning against the dangers of an Islamic takeover of the most populous Arab state, many Israelis have not been so diplomatic.
Now a 57 state collective which includes every Islamic nation on earth, the OIC, currently headed by Turkey's Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, thus represents the entire Muslim umma (or global community of individual Muslims), and is the largest single voting bloc in the United Nations (UN).
In Oklahoma, they want to forbid state courts from making reference to Islamic Sharia law.
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Shia, such as Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki's State of Law coalition, the Islamic Supreme Council led by cleric Ammar al-Hakim and the Sadrist Movement led by radical Shia cleric Moqtada Sadr.
No other state in the region has legalised an Islamic opposition party.
An appeals court in Texas reportedly has just agreed that something called "Texas Islamic Courts" can arbitrate Muslim divorce proceedings in that state.
Mr Larijani went from head of the state broadcaster, Voice and Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran (VVIRI), to speaker of parliament after his two years as nuclear negotiator.
But at Wednesday's hearing, Rep. Trey Gowdy, R-South Carolina, quoted what he said was an internal e-mail dated the day after the attack in which Assistant Secretary of State Beth Jones told the Libyan ambassador that Islamic group Ansar al-Sharia was responsible for the attack.
Today's New York Times reports that American and NATO forces in Bosnia are now on a high state of alert in light of a perceived threat from Islamic extremists still operating in Bosnia.
As Secretary of State Hillary Clinton welcomes Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu to Washington this week, it is critical that Americans pay attention to what these two leaders intend to do.
Sharif worked his way up through political offices in Punjab State, and was elected prime minister with the support of Islamic religious conservatives.
After the 1979 Islamic revolution, informal consultation was the norm between the different offices of state, and disputes were settled by the then supreme leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
He participated in all summits of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) since 1991, and met with over 50 Heads of State over the last 20 years.
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Mr Arafat needs a deal that offers West Bankers and Gazans a respectable-seeming independent state while not ignoring the concerns of the Palestinian diaspora and the wider Islamic world.
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Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Thursday that the hostage crisis illustrated the growing threat of Islamic extremism in northern Africa and the need for the U.S. to coordinate closely with African and European countries to combat it.
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