The organ was placed in a Teflon bag that neutrons can pass through and taken to a research reactor nearby, where it was irradiated with neutrons.

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Each vial, in turn, could be heated, irradiated, zapped with a laser, filled with solvents, or spun in a centrifuge.

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Plants have long been selected by nature and bred by humans or irradiated to create mutants with enhanced resistance or tolerance to external threats to their survival and productivity.

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The molecular biologist, who is founder and president of NovaRx, mixes four different irradiated lung cancer cell lines with some DNA he has constructed, then gives the mixture several electric charges so they bind together.

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The feeder cells cannot reproduce because they have been irradiated, but they provide the stem cells with the nutrients and proteins they need to divide and reproduce indefinitely.

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