It is also home to many Chinese and foreign-invested companies in industries as diverse as electronics, defense, pharmaceutical and advanced materials.

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The other advantage of latecomer economies is that they are not heavily invested in old industries and can adopt new technologies with limited negative impacts.

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Port related industries have invested hundreds of millions of pounds in recent years.

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Ballard, by contrast, is trying to displace existing technologies, in which huge industries have invested decades of research and training.

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The losers, then, might be the other side of that see-saw, the companies that have invested most heavily in the generics: Novartis, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, and Ranbaxy Laboratories.

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We also invested in training programs that partner community colleges with high-growth industries -- making it possible for young Americans to graduate into the workforce equipped for success.

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Throughout the 20th century, the federal government invested in dams, transportation infrastructure and military installations that facilitated economic expansion and the emergence of new private industries.

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The city has invested heavily in trying to attract more technology companies, in part to offset stagnant job growth in more traditional local industries such as finance and law.

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