In the SNA output, intermediate consumption, operating surplus and increase in inventories are calculated, excluding holding gains (losses), which are defined as the value of products created due to changes in prices during the period when the products were held in stocks.

UNESCO: Belarus: Report: Part I: Descriptive Section

Suppose for the sake of argument that the output of these intermediate suppliers had increased in unmeasured ways.

ECONOMIST: Performing miracles | The

The indicators of the production of GDP are re-valued at constant prices with the double deflation method where the value added at constant prices is the difference between the value of output and the value of intermediate consumption at constant prices.

UNESCO: Belarus: Report: Part I: Descriptive Section

Gross value added is calculated at the level of branches of the economy as the value of output of goods and services less the value of intermediate consumption.

UNESCO: Belarus: Report: Part I: Descriptive Section