Given that the competition is around judging plans for innovation, not the actual results of the innovation, those measurements must focus on inputs built around tightly prescriptive theories of change.

FORBES: The Wisdom, Risks, and Foolishness of Race to the Top

Although it has taken a while, charters have gradually caused highly populated school districts to compete and implement sustaining innovations by running a portfolio of schools as opposed to one-size-fits-all school models (and because this is a sustaining innovation, our theories suggest that ultimately districts, not charters, are where the majority of American students will continue to be educated).

FORBES: The Wisdom, Risks, and Foolishness of Race to the Top

Antitrust violations in such circumstances are often built on novel academic theories and speculation about possible ill effects of behavior that is also consistent with pursuit of innovation and efforts to capitalize on innovative ideas.

FORBES: Litigation, Regulation, Antitrust: Bad Bets For An Innovation Economy