It's true of natural gas "fracking, " where liquid is injected into the ground to dislodge gas from cracks in the rock.
The city is also host to the world's largest gas-stimulation project in development: 240 million cubic feet of Tengiz natural gas is injected daily into the reservoirs to loosen up oil and boost well pressure.
About 25, 000 wells a year are being fracked, a process in which water, chemicals and sand are injected at high pressure underground to release trapped natural gas.
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 exempted hydraulic fracturing operations from the Safe Drinking Water Act, freeing drilling companies from the obligation to disclose the chemicals injected into deep shale formations to shatter shale and convey gas back to the well.
During fracking, large volumes of water, along with sand and hazardous chemicals, are injected into the ground to break rock apart and free the oil and gas.
Indeed, the data are only in opposition to making fuel from algae if nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients are added in their mineral forms, and if the CO2 has to be injected into the system, as produced elsewhere and transported as a compressed gas.
FORBES: Report Says Algal Biofuels May Not Cut Carbon Emissions, But Read More Closely
Carbo Ceramics is a leader in making what's called ceramic proppant, which is the synthetic material, sand-based often, with chemicals that are injected into the fractured rock to hold open the cavities so the natural gas goes up into the piping that captures it.
In this process, after a well is drilled, pressurized water is injected into the well to fracture the shale and open fissures that enable natural gas to flow more freely out of the well.
FORBES: Chesapeake Good For $38 But Faces Big Fracking Headaches
But microscopic bubbles of gas have a tendency to collapse within a few seconds, and so must be injected close to the site of interest.
The assertion is that hydraulic fracturing fluids, which are injected at high speed and high pressure to create cracks in the shale rock that traps natural gas, will seep into underground water aquifers.
FORBES: The Sierra Club Fails An Environmental Consistency Test
It would most likely sell the gas to oil companies in the Permian Basin, where for three decades CO 2 has been injected into old oilfields to push out an additional 15% of crude.
The gas comes up with the oil pump from Prudhoe Bay, but it's been re-injected back into the ground for decades.
应用推荐