If the 295 trillion megabytes (or, exabytes) of stored information were saved on CD-ROMs, the stack of CDs would stretch from the Earth to beyond the moon, according to Hilbert and Lopez.
They enable water to be pumped in a network that runs between the horizontal layers of a stack and the thousands of vertical interconnections that carry information between its layers.
At the micro level, the migration of personally identifiable information and proprietary intellectual property online has influenced IPv6 protocol architects to bake additional security into the stack.