Oddly, the industry's structure closely resembles 1930s-era mass manufacturing.

ECONOMIST: Software in Japan

For example, under the industry's byzantine fare structure, it is sometimes cheaper for a traveler to purchase a ticket to a distant city but to leave the plane at an intermediate stopover point -- which is his actual destination.

FORBES: Fact and Comment

While Deutsche Bank didn't disclose the terms of the share sale, industry officials said the deal's structure would likely involve a small number of big institutional money managers picking up the shares at a small discount to the stock's current trading price.

WSJ: Deutsche Bank Rallies on Capital Boost

Interface built the carpet industry's most oil-independent cost structure while cutting its greenhouse gas emissions 82%.

FORBES: Magazine Article

This structure is now collapsing as the industry's heavyweights move into each other's layers.

ECONOMIST: Computing

In their current form, European corporate states tend to be more informal than their predecessors, drawing on mutually supporting networks of labor, industry and government leaders without the explicit structure of Mussolini's cartels or Roosevelt's code authorities.

FORBES: Coyote Den

U.S. industry fated to pile leverage on leverage until the whole structure tumbles down?

FORBES: How The Government Subsidizes Leveraged Takeovers

More recently, safety, and economic and investment issues created by vertical separation, have caused huge problems on Britain's rail network and there is increasing disenchantment with the industry structure in place.

ECONOMIST: Language barriers