The 166-year-old Philippine property, banking, telecommunications and industrial group has seen competition surge in virtually every major line of business it is in.
Yet the express purpose of the new ETFs is to take copper off a market that is already tight, bringing investors and industrial consumers into direct competition for supplies.
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In any case, only a handful of states have plans to introduce full-scale competition for residential users before 2000 (although in some states plans for competition for industrial users are more advanced).
This suggests that, rather than pushing companies to explore some new area which the government in its wisdom or folly has decided is the sector of the future, industrial policy should encourage competition instead, thus reducing firms' tendency to seek out less contested arenas.
It would be best to broaden the new round to areas such as industrial tariffs, investment and competition policy, to allow more scope for the trade-offs on which a final deal depends.
Industrial unrest, spiralling costs and competition from budget airlines have combined to force Alitalia to the brink in recent years.
He believes India's response to the 1991 reforms owed a lot to the groundwork it laid in the 1980s and even earlier, when it acquired a skilled workforce and industrial experience, unharried by foreign competition.
Business competition no longer follows the industrial-age model.
It is running at two speeds: steady local demand boosted by credit and strong labor markets on one side, and a weaker industrial and export economy facing strong, imported competition and less demand from the U.S. and European trading partners.
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Meatpacking companies have responded to international competition by shifting their operations from old industrial cities, with their heavily unionised workforces and restrictive practices, to rural areas and small towns.
But this sector is now threatened, not only by the competition of the huge boats of the industrial sector, both local and international, but also by its own unregulated development and practices.
The price rise should not only help pay for imported fuel to replace lost nuclear power, but might, officials think, also encourage competition in the energy sector by pushing big industrial users of electricity to shop around for the best deal.
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Part-privatisation and competition created in a short time what decades of industrial policy had failed to do.
In 1986 he bought RCA and NBC to help his industrial conglomerate get a reliable source of cash while overseas manufacturing competition loomed.
In 1986, he had bought RCA and NBC to help his industrial conglomerate get a reliable source of cash while overseas manufacturing competition loomed.
This could result in a double whammy for the United States -- adding a new dimension to the threat we face and encouraging competition for overseas arms sales upon which the American defense industrial base is already unduly reliant to maintain vital production capabilities.
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It includes almost 50 buildings -- houses, churches, commercial and industrial structures, cultural and civic centers, universities and museums, many of them competition-winning projects -- as well as his activity as a town planner and designer for industry, presented in drawings, models, photographs and "walk-through" videos.
Defenders of industrial policy also have a new answer to the long-standing critique that it hampers competition.
What is already happening as a result of this policy competition is that the South from Texas to Florida is rising as the new industrial base, and economic powerhouse, of the nation.
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To what extent Leapfrog is a response to genuine market need, as opposed to a piece of industrial policy intended to keep the European garment-making industry alive in the face of competition from low-wage countries, is not yet clear.
Japan, by contrast, needed to scrap its antiquated banking system, migrate half of its industrial work force into new-technology exploits and open up its service economy to the withering discipline of foreign competition.
In 1940 he became the first head of the industrial design department at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, where he organized a contemporary furniture competition that launched the careers of Eero Saarinen and Charles Eames.
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