The devolution of the center position reflects a series of indirect effects and outcomes rather than direct managerial choices.
The researchers suggest that these fluctuations may have direct effects on airways. and indirect effects on inflammatory responses to infection.
Even if the direct impact on the world economy of higher oil prices is modest, the indirect effects could be larger.
Such an investment would create jobs in engineering, construction and computer fields, and have indirect effects on manufacturing and component assembling employment.
Then there are indirect effects, which are even more difficult to quantify.
These indirect effects are ultimately the best hope for the housing sector.
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Furthermore, the number of jobs lost from indirect effects on associated industries is many times higher than the number of jobs created by regulation.
Whatever the source, the researchers are concerned that this warming can lead to more melting and have direct and indirect effects on global sea levels.
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Nevertheless, the indirect effects of government action could make life difficult.
The UN has appointed a special rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter, who has sharply criticised the direct and indirect effects of biofuels on the poor.
And the indirect effects -- and this is now speaking for ourselves, obviously through trade, through confidence, through general growth in the global economy are, of course, much more sizeable.
The important indirect effects in the developed world (see Eli for thoughts on the developing world) will be to reduce congestion, to and reduce the median marginal product of workers currently employed in the transportation industry.
By the 1950s and beyond, it became steadily clearer that the exercise of each person's freedom imposes costs on others through congestion, noise, pollution, ugliness and danger, as well as having indirect effects by encouraging urban sprawl.
In theory, climate models should help tease out which of these indirect effects is playing the biggest role, and also say how much of the decline in ice cover can be assigned to natural variability and how much to feedback loops in which a little warming leads to a lot more.
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Further, closer inspection of studies that claim superiority reveals two major issues that must be considered: allegiance effects and indirect or unfair comparisons (Wampold, 2001).
They have found a number of places, both in the night sky and in the laboratory, where the nature of space and time at the Planck scale would have indirect, but observable effects.
Music is universally acknowledged as powerful, yet its effects are often indirect.
Talks are complicated by the fact that -- unlike the ozone layer, in which it was clear solar rays that got through cause cancer -- climate change's health effects are generally indirect.
This data took the CPI to a 29-month high of 4.4% and perhaps of greater concern the CPIY annual rate, which excludes the effects of changes in indirect taxes, rose even more sharply.
"The power-restoration issue becomes one of helping to contain the ripple effects of the event, the indirect losses from the event, " said Ms. Tierney.
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