It is more the indirect effect of having a tarnished image, and the long-run pressure that places on sales.
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The indirect effect is that it can "pre-condition" the ice shelves that float at the edges of the ice sheet.
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While grocery is a low margin business compared to general retailing, it has an indirect effect on sales of other items.
In the ECF analysis, the indirect effect of American cuts equivalent to those in the House legislation, via increased ambition elsewhere, is even more than the direct effect.
Still, in some way Apple has had an indirect effect on chips by either creating new markets such as tablets or spurring growth in others such as portable music players and smartphones.
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Pollster Mark DiCamillo said Nader's even support ratings indicated that while he might not be winning new supporters for his own candidacy, he could still be having an indirect effect on Gore's campaign by adding to the negative publicity surrounding the Democratic candidate.
So strong is this indirect effect, on his calculations, that the gradual fall in the relative value of America's minimum wage over the past 20 years is capable of explaining 1.5 percentage points of the fall in the country's equilibrium rate of unemployment over the same period.
They also have an indirect impact via the wealth effect, as consumers increase their spending in response to improvement in their balance-sheets (see article).
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In other words, roughly half of the jobs created were indirect, a result of the economic multiplier effect from federal spending.
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