Signs there may be a problem include difficulty or pain when passing urine, the need to pass urine more often, broken sleep due to increased visits to pass urine, waiting for long periods before the urine flows and the feeling that the bladder has not emptied fully.
For example, a probation program in Hawaii in 2004 substantially increased the chances that "dirty" urine tests for illegal drugs would result in jail time (brief stays of a few days).