He points out that despite great changes since his 1970s and 80s playing days, including the introduction of full professionalism, "community" clubs and volunteers remain at the heart of rugby union in England.

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This is particularly true in the public sector, including the universities, where professionals will stay only if professionalism counts.

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Mackey said the vast majority of the force's 50, 000 or so staff, including 32, 000 officers, "act with the professionalism and high standards we expect, " and that unacceptable behavior would be challenged.

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