The catalytic crackers used in refineries throughout America are optimised to produce as much petrol as possible.
"Big oil is making a lot of money right now, and I'd like to see them using that money to invest in refineries, " Romney said.
This is a hard move for China given that it has invested billions in Iranian oil and gas fields like Yadaravan and South Pars and billions more in refineries, while western companies have been forced to stay away.
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Hurricane Sandy is beginning to have a noticeable economic impact on the U.S., forcing major oil producers to cease operations in their refineries in the North East.
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First, the refineries in the northeast (Philly Area and Jersey side of NYC) had to shut down, as do all refineries in this situation.
The angry hauliers and farmers who, in 2000, blockaded refineries in protest at the cost of fuel were more successful than those ranks of decorous rustics.
Shipping problems could cause delays in getting oil supplies to refineries in the affected Gulf Coast areas.
Shell never made anything from asbestos but, like many oil firms, used it in its refineries.
Since China is also in the process of building three refineries in China to process Venezuelan crude, Chavez's goal of cutting off the United States might be possible in three to five years.
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The company also owns interests in 20 refineries scattered across Europe, the United States, China, and the French-speaking regions of Africa and the Caribbean and operates a network of nearly 15, 000 gas stations.
Smaller entrepreneurs hack into pipelines to siphon off oil, which is turned into fuel in bush refineries, while bigger operators weld taps onto pipelines with generators to help pump thousands of barrels of oil into barges.
It moves oil from the Athabasca oil sands region in Alberta, Canada to hubs and refineries in the US. The pipeline system spans 2, 150 miles and currently has the capacity to deliver up to 590, 000 bpd of crude oil from Canada into the US markets.
In 2005 an explosion at one of its refineries in Texas killed 15 people.
Because there is so much excess capacity in the worlds refineries, because there is a fair range of capabilities in that excess capacity and because if there was not enough refining capacity to handle all the sour crude that is available, the price of sour crude would be selling at a greater discount to sweet crude than the current modest discount.
But in exchange, President Obama must make a decision in February on the proposed Keystone XL pipeline from Canada's oil sands to refineries in Texas.
In 2011, the Nigerian government granted approvals to 19 multinational corporations to set up private refineries in the country.
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"There is a lot of gasoline infrastructure in New Jersey, " says AAA spokesman Robert Sinclair, who also notes the presence of many refineries in the South.
Most of Kazakhstan's oil is in the west of the country, but its refineries are in the east.
Venezuela does have a bit of a saving grace via its refineries in the U .
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If completed, it would transport tar sands mined in Canada to refineries on the U.S. Gulf Coast.
Today company has stakes in pipelines, refineries, fertilizer, fibers and polymers, forest and consumer products, chemical technology.
Since refineries in the Midwest are reaching their heavy-oil capacity, it needs to go to the Gulf Coast.
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The Kochs operate oil refineries in Alaska, Texas, and Minnesota, and control some four thousand miles of pipeline.
With Hurricane Sandy leaving behind a path of destruction, oil refineries in the East Coast are still shut down.
It avoided substituting Venezuelan heavy-tar oil used in Gulf Coast refineries with a similar product from near-by Canadian friends.
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Likewise, ExxonMobil has access to oil fields and refineries in many foreign countries.
But they aren't necessarily helping it reach its goal of opening ethanol refineries in North Carolina, Louisiana, Texas and Illinois.
About 200 members of the Unite union demonstrated outside the neighbouring Total Lindsey and Conoco Phillips refineries in Immingham on Monday.
This heavy, sour crude is plentiful, but not all refineries in the West and Midwest have innards strong enough to digest it.
Additionally, a slew of refineries in the area keep distribution costs down.
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