In rats with inherited eye defects "it works perfectly, " says Roger Ashby, the firm's chief executive.
Bridging the gap between tests in rats and trials in people is slightly trickier.
In the calorie-restricted rats, levels of ARC were twice those found in rats with unrestricted diets.
Damage to the liver and kidneys has been observed in rats chronically (long-term) exposed in their drinking water.
Another worry, raised by studies of Victoza in rats, is that these drugs might be linked to rare thyroid cancers.
And I could not help but wonder whether this same relationship as found in rats might not apply to, say, bankers.
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But Dr Apkarian said other research in rats had shown that spinal cord neurons die, which suggests the brain changes could be irreversible.
The device is currently being tested in rats and is expected to begin a human trial in a year or two, he said.
In addition, Dr Kelley identified long-lasting changes in rats' brain chemistry - similar to those caused by extended use of morphine or heroin.
McEwen said his research has found even more signs that repeated stress actually causes neurons in the brain to shrink, at least in rats.
Kamikihi-to, a Kampo medicine, ameliorates impairment of spatial memory in rats.
Growth hormones decline in rats deprived of their mothers' habitual licking.
The FDA review points to a multitude of tumors the drug caused in rats and to a difference in psychiatric side effects between lorcaserin and placebo.
When she neutralizes the amygdala in rats with a drug that halts its function, they no longer pig out even if their nucleus accumbens is stimulated.
Specifically, the FDA asked that Arena demonstrate the mechanism by which lorcaserin causes mammary tumors in rats and that this mechanism is reasonably irrelevant to human risk.
The FDA s letter informed XenoPort and GlaxoSmithkline that a preclinical finding of pancreatic cancer cells in rats caused the agency to hold off on approving Horizant at this time.
But the Japanese group tried out all its promising drug candidates in rats, giving them skin transplants and seeing how long they survived after the resultant organ rejection.
She and her colleagues first measured enkephalin in this region of the brain in rats going about their daily business: playing, running around and gnawing on non-food toys.
The technique has already been successfully demonstrated in rats.
But biological responses to food in rats and humans are surprisingly similar, and provide at least a strong indication that the same sorts of reactions happen when we eat fake fat and sugar.
The FDA-approved prescribing label for Bydureon has a prominent warning stating that the drug caused certain kinds of thyroid tumors in rats at clinically relevant exposures in testing, according to the FDA website.
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Ann Kelley of the University of Wisconsin, for example, has shown that giving calorie-packed chocolate Ensure, a diet supplement, to rats rapidly reduces pleasure-inducing endorphins, an effect also seen in rats that have been given narcotics.
In a study, his group found that DHA fatty acids from fish oil could delay or deter the onset of Alzheimer's disease in rats or older mice that had been genetically altered to develop the condition.
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PHiP is a known carcinogen in rats.
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While at the Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center in San Diego in 1994, he discovered a new way to get the immune system in rats to go after cancer, and shortly thereafter he moved to UCLA to try it in humans with brain cancer.
The key to whether the outraged Arena investors have a case is whether the FDA buys the argument that were it not for the scary way cancer studies in rats were presented to the panel, the advisers would have voted to approve lorcaserin.
In the absence of information about the mechanism by which these tumors form (and as I have mentioned before there is no possibility of determining this in rats or humans because of the inaccuracy of the definition of the histology of the cell types) we clarify the safety margin in rats relative to humans.
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