He argues that economists should abandon blackboard deduction in favour of computer simulation.

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Dr Bilham and Vinod Gaur, from the Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation in Bangalore, writing late last year in Current Science, said that until recently Indian seismological research has neglected a technique known as geodesy, which measures the strains accumulating in, and distorting the surfaces of, plates.

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He created a computer-based simulation of patients in need of diagnosis, called Immex.

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While a skydiving coach in the 1990s, he rigged up a primitive computer simulation of dives and dive formations.

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But in an agent-based model you simply run a computer simulation to see what emerges, free from any top-down assumptions.

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The computer simulation showing the time-stamp effect in the study is novel and original, said Joe Manns, assistant professor of psychology at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.

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There are Singulatarians and Transhumanists actively working towards, and arguing for, a future in which people can upload their consciousness into an elaborate computer simulation, where they can basically live forever.

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So he ended up in New York, working for a struggling computer consulting firm, writing computer simulation models for DuPont.

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In a stock investment simulation, 101 traders rated their feelings via a computer website over 20 business days while actively trading.

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To do this, you could run a "Monte Carlo simulation" in which you plug historical weather data into a computer and then roll a pair of virtual dice 10, 000 times.

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