The impact on wave heights, which surfers and water sports enthusiasts were concerned about, has also been reduced.

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In 2001, there were 18 million boomer grandparents, according to Age Wave Impact.

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The engineers also investigated dividing carriages with materials that soak up energy and reduce the impact of a blast wave.

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Mr Pickles was asked about the impact of a fresh wave of EU migrants by Andrew Neil on the BBC's Sunday Politics after a discussion about the low rate of housing growth.

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Theresa May told The Sunday Times she was concerned about the impact on the British economy of a fresh wave of migration.

BBC: Heathrow immigration

Previous research by German scientists in 1999 suggested that short wave radiation had an "undefined negative" impact on homing pigeons.

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Transmissions In the millimeter wave band are easily absorbed by rain drops, humidity has significant impact.

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The full social impact of the recession will kick in after the summer, when a first wave of jobless run out of unemployment pay and start receiving less generous welfare handouts.

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David Friedman, an economic consultant, speculates that, if the current wave of restructuring continues apace, it could have an even more devastating impact on San Francisco than the downsizing of the aerospace industry had on southern California.

ECONOMIST: City life