In a process similar to printing a photograph, engineers beam high-powered light through a masklike image of the chip, thus creating a duplicate on a silicon wafer.

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The beam of X-rays scatter and produce an image from which a 3D structure can be determined.

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In a process similar to printing a photograph, engineers beam high-powered light through a mask-like image of the chip, creating a duplicate on a silicon wafer.

FORBES: Trick of the Light

If a beam similar to the original reference beam is shone through a hologram, the result is a three-dimensional image of the object scanned.

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When the reflected object beam and the reference beam are recombined, they create an interference pattern that encodes the 3-D image.

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Each mirror acts as a beam-steering device, controlling whether a single picture element (pixel) in the image is light or dark.

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And in the image of Moscow-Sheremetyevo airport, the flat concrete surfaces of the runways appear as black lines because the radar beam has been very efficiently reflected away from the satellite.

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