The FDA, an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, protects the public health by assuring the safety, effectiveness, and security of human and veterinary drugs, vaccines and other biological products for human use, and medical devices.

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Kosan is also working with the National Cancer Institute to test analogues of geldanamycin, a bacteria-derived agent, in early human trials that may boost the effectiveness of chemotherapy.

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Students in this debate function as mere output, or just one more measure of effectiveness, rather than as human beings.

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The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism is watching new human trials of the antiseizure drug topiramate (Topamax) to study the effectiveness of dual treatment for alcohol and cocaine addiction.

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The microneedle vaccines could be self-administered, but we need to await the outcome of human clinical trials and successful filing of all the clinical documentation (safety studies, and results of vaccine effectiveness) to the national regulatory authorities, who will decide who can administer this type of vaccine.

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