That way, the client can effectively manage its equity spend during the heavy phases of growth and recruiting, and avoid the issues associated with ad-hoc decisions on compensation.

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The birth and death phases of stars, for example, are associated with heavy dust clouds that give off an infra-red signal which might resemble the swarm of artificial satellites constituting a Dyson sphere.

ECONOMIST: Is it time for a new approach to finding extraterrestrials?