When these stations observe a temperature rise, they are simply measuring the "urban heat island effect".
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All this concrete ends up lining streams and waterfalls, but it also has contributed to the "heat island" effect in Tokyo.
Greenery is critical to counterbalance the "urban heat island" effect from hotter, drier summers, when night-time temperatures remain high because of heat retained by brick and tarmac.
He also admits that the land based temperature records are corrupted by urban heat island distortions which are constantly growing over time, building in a warming bias.
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If the urban heat island effect were large, you would expect to see a bigger trend for calm days when more of the heat stays in the city.
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What they found was that during a period of less than two weeks in 1996, Atlanta's heat island caused convective thunderstorms, causing it to rain on the city or to the south and southeast about 50 or 60 miles, says Dale Quattrochi of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.
There's also a section devoted to "green" roofs, both literally and figuratively, those planted to reduce New York's "heat-island" effect and storm-water runoff.
The two other possibilities, which were ruled out, were on-island heat treatment - in an incinerator, gasification or pyrolysis plant - or a further stage of processing to produce a fuel product, which would also be shipped off-island.
In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus was secretly arrested, wrongfully convicted by a court martial of high treason, sentenced to life imprisonment, stripped of his military rank and shipped off in chains to solitary confinement in the sweltering heat of Devil's Island, a French territory off the coast of South America.
As the heat of the day passes, many travellers choose to explore the island via motorbike.
It was not good news in portions of New York and New Jersey, where homes destroyed by Superstorm Sandy in places such as Staten Island and Far Rockaway, Queens, lacked basic utilities needed to restore heat.
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