But as David Autor, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, points out in a new paper on labour market polarisation, fading union power has been more the effect than the cause of occupational shifts.
Sterilised intervention rarely has more than a transitory effect, since it leaves the money supply unchanged.
The accounting switch and the confusion surrounding it has had more of an effect on ACCL's stock price than anything else.
If you believe that man-made gases are the cause of global warming, then address methane, which has a much more devastating effect than CO2.
The integration of China and other emerging economies into the world trading system has, in effect, more than doubled the global labour force, and by curbing workers' bargaining power it has restrained pay demands in most developed economies in recent years.
ECONOMIST: Why China is not to blame for the surge in global inflation
So, dose for dose, alcohol has a greater and more intense effect in women.
This South Carolina law has been in effect for more than 40 years.
This has the effect of providing more liquidity to the markets and correcting pricing imperfections faster than they used to get fixed.
Some might argue the effect has been much more subtle, describing them as "stealth cuts".
However, they indicated that provided Israel continued to make positive moves, they would continue to observe an undeclared truce that has now been in effect, more or less, for over three weeks.
Both directly and through the multiplier effect, Roshan has created more than 30, 000 jobs in Afghanistan.
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Simplicity, when applied correctly, has a more profound and long-lasting effect than a lot of information crammed into a small space.
Although New York hospitals and health care professionals follow the federal law, critics say the state's more restrictive state law has a chilling effect on physicians and patients.
Mr Brown's preoccupation with stability also constrains his efforts at redistribution: he has in effect forbidden himself from spending more on the poor unless he has the wherewithal to finance it.
"Iraqi oil has in effect been off the market for more than a decade, " says Janjigian.
Unfortunately, this has the effect of making that clinic look more expensive to employers who have that clinic in their network.
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In India, although equity markets have strengthened, the effect on financial conditions has been more than offset by a stronger currency.
It has a snowball effect which subsequently leads to more users buying.
Europe's second largest carmaker, which already relies on European markets for more than half its sales, has in effect had its wings clipped.
In limited-overs matches, this has the effect of also making it a more effective defensive weapon: Many batsmen are less confident against spin bowling, which makes them less bold in attack.
One effect of the frenzy has been more money for research, which has helped to open up a more detailed discussion on the relationship between music, the brain and brain development.
Despite the history of confrontation in the Portadown area, the knock-on effect elsewhere has only been felt in more recent years.
It has brought Operation Stack into effect - which means more than 2, 300 coastbound heavy goods vehicles can be parked on the M20 motorway.
It is ironic that this complacency abounds in an industry that has evolved more speedily than almost any other over the past two decades, and which has had a truly transformative effect on lifestyles from Manhattan to African villages.
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Since then, the effect has become less pronounced, presumably as more mutual funds caught on.
Soon-Shiong, a surgeon who made his initial riches selling generic drugs to hospitals, has always insisted that the drug was more than just side-effect-sparing.
Higher reserve requirements in the euro zone mean that its central bank has to inject more cash than the Fed to achieve the same effect, says Julian Callow at Barclays Capital.
It helps promote Android tablets, which in turn has a halo effect on all tablets, and provides Google with more users and eyeballs to monetise.
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That has the effect of making metallic lead less electropositive (ie, more electronegative) than classical theory indicates it should be which would tend to make the battery worse.
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