For decades plant biologists have used brute-force methods of genetic engineering to produce biotech seeds that kill bugs and withstand herbicides.

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Genetic engineering, or recombinant DNA, methods can be and are used to create both cisgenic and transgenic constructions.

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The most successful methods for improving the banana through genetic engineering rely on the availability of embryonic cell suspensions.

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Critics of this work say that modern genetic engineering is not an extension of the "traditional" methods of breeding.

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