Ultimately, doctors hope to use the disease-slowing drugs in conjunction with new brain-scanning methods being tested at General Electric and elsewhere that will detect early signs of amyloid buildup.

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It emerged in December that the authorities in the United States had recommended withholding from general publication the detailed results and methods of the study, as well as those of a second one led by Yoshihiro Kawaoka, of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. (This also created transmissible strains, albeit less virulent ones.) Both studies had received grants from America's National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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If the question was posed in more general terms, such as running experiments with deficient methods, failing to report deficiencies or misrepresenting data, the straight average suggested that 46% of researchers had seen others get up to such shenanigans.

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Attorney General Kamala Harris' office said the company's methods included "robo-signing" legal documents, a practice that was widely used in mortgage foreclosures until it was outlawed.

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From being the orphan of scanning methods, therefore, ultrasonics looks as though it may become a general-purpose medical tool.

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"That's partly due to the farming methods, the picking, the packing, the distribution in terms of general logistics, " he adds.

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At medical schools, pharma companies, and even at the FDA, biostatisticians and clinical researchers recognize that retrospective data when treated with appropriate bias-controlling statistical methods, can in fact be reliable, particularly as it points to direction of influence and the general magnitude of effect.

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