For analysts like Rauh, the main culprit is the governmental accounting standards board (GASB), whose discounting metrics are a point of contention for economists.
The Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) will decide on June 25th whether to impose new rules that would require states to use a more realistic rate.
The state also uses a liability estimation method (the Projected Unit Credit method) that modestly understates accrued pension benefits, and amortizes its unfunded pension liabilities over a period slightly longer than the 30 years recommended by GASB.
Novy-Marx concludes with a thought experiment where he substitutes GASB accounting with an identical system where future liabilities are discounted at the muni rate (after all, the risk of non-payment to pensioners is no different, or in most case lower, than the risk to bondholders).