After two years, the gap between the countries narrows, but the output effect remains bigger in Italy.

ECONOMIST: Can one size fit all?

He said he thought it defeated the aim of increasing tax revenue to fill the gap due when a zero rate of company tax takes effect.

BBC: NEWS | Europe | Jersey | Population sees increase of 400

She argued that any "sister effect" would wear off as the age gap increased because the siblings would be on "different life trajectories", whereas those of similar ages would have similar social circles.

BBC: Teenage pregnancy is 'contagious'

The net effect is that we are facing a six week gap in our organic waste collection, with the next collection not due till 18 January.

BBC: Missed rubbish collections: Your comments

Under these circumstances, diversification among such sources is but a stop-gap solution that can, at best, have a temporary effect on oil supply and, hence, on national security.

CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The Open Fuel Standard

" In explaining this, they say - in effect - that they looked at what the output gap would be, on the basis of their previous "cyclical indicators' approach, and decided it wasn't plausible.

BBC: The Bank, the OBR and Mr Osborne

Where the inspirational figure is selected for us, and the gap between their life and ours is too great, the effect is not one of encouragement but of disillusionment - especially if their story is told in terms of personal qualities like bravery or persistence.

BBC: Viewpoint: Do famous role models help or hinder?

Here's perhaps where the girl effect can come into play to help bridge this artificial conceptual gap.

FORBES: Help Women, Help The World

Those people with the ability to increase the budget sufficiently to make a significant dent in the pay gap, should also consider instituting objective evaluation procedures to avoid the undeniable effect of implicit bias on promotional decisions.

FORBES: Diversity is Dead, Long Live Diversity