For example, American mutual-fund investors are switching from international equities into domestic bond funds.

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For many parents used to nearly unlimited switching in traditional mutual fund families, this may not be sufficient.

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The idea that fund managers should improve their performance by switching to investments offering better risk-adjusted returns may seem obvious.

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Switching out of a mutual fund and into an ETF covering a similar swath of the market, or vice versa, is also something to consider.

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They can fund these purchases by using some of their cash or switching out of their pre-decline holdings.

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Thus they cannot be avoided by switching to exchange traded funds ( ETFs) or an index fund with lower disclosed expenses.

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