Japan's top government spokesman, Chief Cabinet Secretary Osamu Fujimura, said Mr Tanaka had stepped down due to ill health.
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"They have strongly requested measures to increase discipline and prevent things like this from happening again, " Mr Fujimura said.
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Earlier, new Chief Cabinet Secretary Osamu Fujimura announced the line-up of the new Cabinet, with Kocher Gemba named as foreign minister.
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Japan's Chief Cabinet Secretary Osamu Fujimura said that representatives from the defence ministry had told US officials that "the incident is completely unacceptable".
Mr Fujimura was quoted as saying the visit would still go ahead, but that the topic of the statue would be unavoidable at the summit talks.
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