But until recently they have suffered from a low power-to-weight ratio, unlike the other sort of room-temperature fuel cell, the temperamental and costly proton-exchange-membrane device, which several firms hope soon to use in motor cars.
As he pumped the stock with press releases like the one claiming Digital Gas had a "high temperature fuel cell" that would unlock as much as 1.1 billion gallons of oil from a neglected oil shale deposit, New Jersey officials say, Smith was using stock to renovate his home and pay his attorney.
The EPA engineers came up with a formula that automakers around the world have long been groping for--an engine that explodes fuel at such a relatively low temperature (below 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit) that almost no noxious nitrogen oxides are produced.
And it does so at a high enough temperature to ignite the solid fuel.
The materials inside these fuel cells are touchy about changes in temperature and humidity and prone to their own form of carbon monoxide poisoning.
This 100-nanometer membrane, comprising the electrolyte and electrodes, has to be thin enough to allow ions to pass through it at a relatively low temperature (which, for ceramic fuel cells, lies in the range of 300 to 500 degrees Celsius).
With the engine running, he can see on-screen how much fuel should be injected given X throttle pressure or Y coolant temperature.
On that occasion, oxygen was pumped into the vessel to supplement the crew's air supply but all it did was fuel the flames of a fire which had already started, raising the temperature on board to 1, 000 degrees Celsius.
The authors say that, even if the rules are relaxed to allow emissions to a level associated with a 3C temperature rise, there will still have to be limits on fossil fuel burning.
BizEE Software, a South Wales, U.K., company that develops software to help building managers assess their energy-fuel needs, publishes a measure called degree days for places around the world that highlights this variation in temperature.
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