See IRS Fact Sheet FS-2011-13 (December 2011) for examples of reasonable cause.
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Participants also learned that the stolen camera model, named FS-E40, was the fourth in a line of sequentially named products: the FS-E10 through FS-E30.
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Independent Capability: Proponents contend that, given the fact that the Japanese have already designed the FS-X predecessor (the F-1) and have coproduced the F-4 and F-15 fighter aircraft with McDonnell-Douglas, the Japanese have an independent capability, with time, to design and produce the FS-X.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
As one who argued last February that the reasons that prompted the Japanese to agree to co-development of the FS-X in the first place (commercial self-interest, not altruism) would continue to govern, I am gratified that it proved possible to revisit and improve some of the points in the original deal.
In addition, the revised deal gives the United States access to Japanese technology -- both that derived from transferred F-16 data and that arising from four FS-X development areas where the Japanese do not intend to -- or cannot -- obtain U.S. equipment or software.
Particularly noteworthy in this regard are new, express commitments to percentage shares of the co-development and co-production phases of the FS-X program.
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We were told, of course, that the optimal means of meeting Japan's air defense commitments in the 1990's -- namely, an off-the-shelf purchase of F-16's -- had been categorically rejected by the Japanese and that the FS-X deal was the best of the remaining options.
The agreement contains FS-X technology flow-back guarantees, including U.S. participation in the manufacture and testing of new technology components such as advanced co-cured composite wings, new avionics, and phased-array radar.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
As opposed to the near-term improvement an off-the-shelf procurement of modern U.S. aircraft could have afforded, the FS-X will not enter service until the late 1990s.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
While some participants learned that the next-generation model followed that pattern, the FS-E50, others were told that the new model had a new name: the Spectra.
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Non-transferability: According to General Dynamics, the FS-X program transfers neither technology nor methodology especially useful to a Japanese competitor in the commercial aerospace market.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
Is Japan willing to consider offsetting the codevelopment arrangement on the FS-X with a substantial off-the-shelf defense purchase to demonstrate Japanese willingness to buy American when it is sensible to do so?
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
Under the terms of the agreement, Japan will modify an existing F-16 design to produce by the late 1990s a new aircraft, designated the FS-X (Fighter Support Experimental).
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
At the heart of the debate to date about the FS-X agreement have been various claims and counter-claims concerning the effect of the F-16 technology and manufacturing know-how the United States will supply Japan on the latter's competitive industrial position.
Opponents in both Houses have, nonetheless, begun to express serious reservations about the FS-X deal, principally on the grounds that the long-term implications for U.S. competitiveness have not been adequately factored into the arrangement.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
Trade Benefits: The FS-X will help the U.S. trade balance in the short-term.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
Space launch: Technologies codeveloped by the FS-X project may contribute to Japanese efforts to build an indigenous space launch industry -- again in competition with America's own developing commercial launch capabilities.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
The data to be transferred in connection with the FS-X is currently available to other U.S. allies who already participate in F-16 manufacturing.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
If the United States goes along with the agreement, will the FS-X deal establish a precedent that will embolden the Japanese to move away from future off-the-shelf purchases in favor of codevelopment and coproduction arrangements?
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
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On both sides of the Pacific, anxieties related to the FS-X deal are running high.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
The FS-X project raises a number of concerns from both U.S. security and trade perspectives.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
In several respects the modified FS-X deal improves significantly upon the original deal on this score.
First, the unchanged language of the FS-X agreements provides essentially no definition for technical data.
The Japanese have asserted that they will revert to their original plan if the FS-X deal is derailed.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
Not surprisingly, the Japanese Ministry of Trade and Industry (MITI) was a key player in the FS-X negotiations.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
The FS-X agreement does not provide for the transfer of manufacturing technology for engines to power the new aircraft.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: The US-Japan FS-X Fighter Agreement: Assessing The Stakes
Is there reason to believe things will be different with respect to technologies sought pursuant to the FS-X deal?
Unfortunately, it is much more likely that the FS-X arrangement will be cited as a precedent in a less desirable way.
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