Pontiff from 1939 to 1958, Pope Pius is widely accused of failing to speak out during and after the Holocaust.

BBC: Pope in the Mid East: The issues

Pius X, who split from Rome precisely over the Vatican II reforms, in particular its call for Mass in the vernacular and outreach to other religions, especially Judaism and Islam.

NPR: Pope's Foot-Wash A Final Straw For Traditionalists

Knowing the Ivorians were leading in Sudan, Cameroon launched a desperate effort to score, with substitute Pius Ndiefi missing a clear chance from close range.

BBC: SPORT | Football | African | Ivory Coast defy the odds

There is an entire cottage industry of books devoted to the seemingly endless arguments from one or the other side of the debate about whether Pius XII did enough to save Jews during the Holocaust.

FORBES: Book Notes: The Vatican Diaries

Among the handful of documents here from the period of World War II, a section of the archives still closed to scholars, is a 1942 letter from Jewish inmates of an Italian concentration camp, thanking Pope Pius XII for his support and gifts of clothing.

WSJ: Lux in Arcana | Capitoline Museum | The Papacy's Private Papers | By Francis X. Rocca

The Vatican has opened the archives of Pope Pius XI, who presided over the Roman Catholic Church from 1922 to 1939.

NPR: Vatican Opens Pre-WWII Papal Archive