By 1954 the major U.S. tobacco companies had formed the Tobacco Industry Research Council to counter the growing health concerns.
For example, they have launched bold new research initiatives, such as the recently formed International Automotive Research Center at Clemson University, which offers the nation's only Ph.
That year, the government formed a panel of specialists at the National Research Council to assess the effects of these gun-control efforts.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology is on the case, too: In 1999 it formed AgeLab, a research center within the university's engineering school, to come up with new ideas for the next generation of seniors.
The STFC was formed as a new research council in April 2007 through a merger of the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) and the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PParc).
The STFC was formed as a new research council on 1 April 2007 through a merger of the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) and the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PParc).
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Wallstrip formed the heart of a new research and development lab looking to develop the next "it" product.
In 2004 archaeologists and historians formed the First Colony Foundation to research England's first forays into the New World.
Last year nine automakers and a pair of auto suppliers, in a rare example of industry solidarity, formed a research consortium with the goal of creating a single, comprehensive digital human.
The World Bank, the World Health Organisation and other do-gooding bodies have formed alliances with the pharmaceutical industry to promote research on affordable drugs for neglected tropical ailments.
The soft dollar firms formed their own lobby group, the Alliance for Independent Research, to counter the Morgan, Goldman initiative.
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Last year, The Conference Board, a global, independent business membership and research association, formed a committee to engage and educate the business community on the topic of corporate political spending.
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The scientists, whose research appears in the journal Science also found 20 newly formed craters left by impacts from space debris.
In the meantime Gallo and Evans had already formed the Waterford Project, which arose from Gallo's frustration with the pace of vaccine research and his desire to bring scattered researchers together.
Still, he was so smitten that he quit the top research job at SmithKline and formed Isis in 1989, aiming first at antisense drugs for simple local infections and later at tougher targets such as cancer and diabetes.
Another innovation with the new research could result in forecasters providing the strength of a tornado at the time it is formed, instead of after the fact, as is currently the case.
Since taking office two years ago Mr Ritter has signed legislation requiring 20% of state energy to be produced from renewable sources by 2020, and has formed a research partnership between Colorado's universities and the Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory, west of Denver.
Donald Cameron Watt, a former professor of international history at London University, wrote of the admiration he had formed for Mr Irving's professionalism when collaborating with him on some research many years previously.
Koronis was formed in 1999 after seven years of research by James Mullins and Lawrence Loeb, two professors at the University of Washington, and John Essigmann, a professor at MIT.
"Complex colour patterns such as spots and stripes are common in nature but the way they are formed is poorly understood, " said Dr Kathy Schwinn of the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research.
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Never mind that when she made the call she had just left her former employer, formed her own company, and was now selling research on municipal bonds.
But that would be highly unusual for a private entity like the one that was formed to acquire Playboy, says David Bank, managing director of global media and Internet research at RBC Capital Markets.
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